[25] Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. )spirits: 4.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. [96][97] In The Economist's Democracy Index 2016 Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine ASEAN nations included in the study. It is one of the last five communist countryballs Navigate Main page Recent changes Random page Administrators' noticeboard Explore Countryballs Historical Countryballs Userbox icons Community Wiki Discussions Discord Very few of the Lao refugees, however, were willing to return voluntarily. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.76% (2021 est. )arable land: 6.2% (2018 est. An "urban" village is essentially a town.[58]. [166], Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. [47], The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the Soviet Bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. [3] On September 17, 1945, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang and remaining Laotian territory were officially unified. [94] Plans to resettle additional Hmong refugees in the United States were stalled by provisions of President George W. Bush's Patriot Act and Real ID Act, under which Hmong veterans of the Secret War, who fought on the side of the United States, are classified as terrorists because of their historical involvement in armed conflict. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. 0 / 5 0 lt. [46], During the First Indochina War, the Indochinese Communist Party formed the Pathet Lao independence organisation. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. [121] The irrigated areas under cultivation account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. The constitution also contains provisions for gender equality, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of press and assembly. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International,[104] Human Rights Watch,[105] and Civil Rights Defenders,[106] along with the US State Department,[107] serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. A s we continue our 2023 Awards coverage, today we are talking to the sound team behind another film on the Best Sound Academy Awards shortlist Avatar: The Way of Water.. ), total: 37.78 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 41.76 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 33.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization in 1997; on 2 February 2013, it was granted full membership. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince Souvanna Phouma in 1962 was unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated into large scale civil war between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. The Lao League is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. The Lao PDR is one of the world's few socialist states openly endorsing communism. )consumption: 5,108,640,000 kWh (2019 est. [149], Hill people and minority cultures of Laos such as the Hmong, Yao (Mien) (Hmong-Mien), Dao, Shan, and several Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for many years. Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from China. The politically and culturally dominant Lao people make up 53.2% of the population, mostly in the lowlands. [139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. In response, the United States initiated a bombing campaign against the PAVN positions, supported regular and irregular anti-communist forces in Laos, and supported Army of the Republic of Vietnam incursions into Laos. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. [139]:3940, In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%. ), total: 128,000 (2020 est. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. $58.264 billion (2021 est. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. [19] In English, the 's' is pronounced, and not silent. )from petroleum and other liquids: 2.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Ngum was descended from a long line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. "Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. [101] On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, nine years after signing the treaty. Recognition of Laotian Independence, 1950. Shortly after, the Kingdom of Champasak and the territory of Vientiane were added to the protectorate. [45] The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Phrabang) to declare Laotian independence, but on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos's status as a French protectorate. [165] The 2017 documentary feature film Blood Road was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government, it was recognised with a News and Documentary Emmy Award in 2018. ), degree of risk: very high (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria, total: 8.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 37.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. [28], Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince, Fa Ngum,[29]:223 whose father had his family exiled from the Khmer Empire. [143], The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. [154] Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in Laos's economy, having invested in US$5.395billion since 1989, according to Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 19892014 report. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong. However, as of 2018, there are approximately 1.9million of Lao's population who could not access an improved water supply and 2.4million people without access to improved sanitation. ::", "Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country", "Human Development Report 2009. Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos, That Luang. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. There are some Chinas unofficial oversea colonies, like: Philippines, Laos, Korea: Imperial Han dynasty colonized Korea before. Then go to the Tang dynasty and later the Mongol Yuan. Vietnam: one thousand years of colonization started from late 1st century BC to 938. Ming reconquered the nation at 1407 to 1427. Tibet. Xinjiang. 1946. [59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. [48], Some 80million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swaths of land impossible to cultivate. )imports: 1.345 billion kWh (2019 est. It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. Ratio is 2:3. )$1.111 billion (31 December 2019 est. Choose your favorite kingdom of laos designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone cases, tote bags, and more! Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945". [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). [89], The European Union,[90] UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. [46], The official and majority language is Lao, a language of the Tai-Kadai language family. The major roads connecting to urban centres, in particular Route 13, have been significantly upgraded in recent years. [43] As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain, Savannakhet region, and the Bolaven Plateau, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. (2022)domestic: fixed-line nearly 20 per 100 and 56 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)international: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by Chinanote: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, 6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible, total: 2,473,689 (2020 est. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. ), rice, roots/tubers nes, cassava, sugar cane, vegetables, bananas, maize, watermelons, coffee, taro, mining (copper, tin, gold, gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism, agriculture: 73.1%industry: 6.1%services: 20.6% (2012 est. Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measuresboth impact negatively upon human rights. )investment in fixed capital: 30.9% (2017 est. Amongst them, 100,000 Hmongs30% of the entire Hmong populationand 90% of all of Lao intellectuals, specialists, and officials. [39] Laos never held any importance for France[40] other than as a buffer state between Thailand and the more economically important Annam and Tonkin. As a low-income country, Laos faces a brain-drain problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. The Lao Kingdom was formally proclaimed when the new constitution was promulgated in 1947 as part of the French colonial union, and gained full independence in 1953. agriculture: 20.9% (2017 est. [73] The officials were to participate in a ceremony to mark the liberation of the Plain of Jars from the former Royal Lao government forces. WebKingdom-of-laos Definition Meanings Definition Source Filter A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). Laos (/los/ (listen)[9][d]), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: , French: Rpublique dmocratique populaire lao), is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. Find high-quality stock photos that you won't find anywhere else. The Tai-Kadai Languages, ":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.o.c. )$56.827 billion (2020 est. WebThe Kingdom of Laoswas officially proclaimed when the new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, as part of the colonial French Union, and obtained full independence in 1953. Laos was then dependent on military and economic aid from the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. WebU.S. [41] Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. )investment in inventories: 3.1% (2017 est. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Entitled The Rocket, the film appeared at the 2013 Melbourne International Film Festival and won three awards at the Berlin International Film Festival. [citation needed], The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. [54][55], The conflict between Hmong rebels and Laos continued in key areas of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and Xiangkhouang Province. )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. WebThe Kingdom of Laos (1953-1975) was a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos for 22 years with only two kings, Sisavang Vong and Savang Vatthana. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Din vin: Kanna Hashimoto Kento Yamazaki Ryo Yoshizawa. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. 2020 est. ) on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War document abrogated. 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