Unfortunately, sudden cardiac arrest has a poor outcome unless a victim receives timely CPR and defibrillation. }, We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. If pads will touch on the chest of an infant, apply one pad on the anterior chest and another pad on the posterior of the infant instead. It is vital to ensure the pads to not come into contact with jewelry as this may cause serious harm to the victim. Nearly all of our cells can use these charged elements, called ions, to generate electricity. Understanding the electrical workings of an AEDand specifically the AED pads themselvesis the key to a successful rescue from SCA. So observe the baby carefully, and if they arent clearly choking (in which case apply choking measures first) and an AED is available, using the AED on the infant that is not breathing and has no palpable pulse will be their best chance of survival, even if choking was the initial cause. Gold, copper, etc: Be especially aware of upper body jewelrynipple piercings, nose- and ear-rings, etc. "width": 500 Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 55 Chastain Road NWSuite 112Kennesaw, GA 30144, If you have any question, please contact us at sales@aedbrands.com, Copyright 2022 AED Brands. So even though most AEDs have a child setting or are compatible with child pads, these devices typically come equipped with adult pads as the default accessory.\nGenerally, your defibrillator kit will tell you where to place the pads on adults using both audio prompts and visual diagrams. }, For infants, apply on the front of the chest. CPR should also be performed as normal for an adult patient, with no modifications. In the case of AED pads, this specifically means that one AED pad is placed on the front of the chest while the other AED pad is placed on the back as seen in the illustration. "@type": "Thing", }, The positioning of these pads is important, as the electrical shock needs to travel through the heart muscle. While pacemakers can help to treat arrhythmias, they do not regulate fibrillation. Only around 10% of victims survive the episode. "name": "choking emergency", "publisher": { The Chain of Survival, as shown in the diagram above, indicates that both CPR and deployment of an AED (automated external defibrillator) are to be used in order to save the life of a person who has collapsed due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. These adult pads are placed on opposing sides of the chest as shown below: Image from Zoll.com This placement of adult pads is referred to as anterior lateral placement. What happens at the end of the book Tangerine? Anterior-posterior and anterior lateral are the two basic positions of AED pad placement. The place where aed pads should be placed in the anteroposterior placement is the upper back.. Remember: all defib pads must be placed directly on bare skin! ] When calling 911 for the attention of a pregnant patient, make sure you tell them about her state. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. So even though most AEDs have a child setting or are compatible with child pads, these devices typically come equipped with adult pads as the default accessory. Remember, it is the human factor of the trained first-aider that can make a rescue successful. Knowing that todays AEDs are very easy to use raises our confidence when it comes to attempting an SCA rescue; nevertheless, rescuers want to have as much first-aid knowledge and skill as they can, with as few limitations as possible. Place the front pad over the cardiac apex between the midline of the chest and nipple on a male victim or under the breast on a female. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 1) place 2 or 3 fingers in the inner thigh, midway between the hip bone and the pubic bone and just below the crease where the leg meets the torso 2) feel for a pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds; if you do not feel a pulse within 10 seconds, or the heart rate is 60/min or less begin high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions First in the Chain of Survival is to Recognize SCA. No pulse, not breathing, losing consciousness = SCA. In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. In these courses, emergency simulations give supervised training so that the first-aider has actual hands-on experience in giving highly effective CPR. For a child, use one hand, depending on the size of the child. One common mistake, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest. As always, check your AEDs user manual for more information. More to the point regarding giving an AED shock to an SCA victim is the way electricity works in the heart. You can use adult pads for a child less than 8 years, but you may have to apply them differently than shown on the pads: apply one on the front of the chest, the other on the back, so they do not touch. "sameAs": [ In Japan, the JNPA (Japan Nishikigoi Promotion Association) promotes keeping Koi in an aquarium. For an adult patient, one pad should be put on the left side of the chest, just below the left nipple. Remove the victims clothing from the chest area to expose the bare skin. Before applying the pads, carefully remove the patch (wearing gloves) and quickly wipe the area with alcohol or a towelette. What is the correct approach for AED pad placement for infants quizlet? So youre dreaming of moving to the Golden Statebut can you afford the cost of living in California? "name": "AED Pad Placement Guide", When SCA occurs, a disruption in the hearts electrical currents leads to immediate collapsethe heart ceases its regular beat, breathing stops, and the victim loses consciousness. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. (link to AED comparison about electrode pads). Defibrillation pads are placed on the patients bare chest. For adults and children (8 years or older) you will use adult size pads. Place one AED pad directly below the right collarboneo Place the other pad to the side of the left nipple, with the top edge of the pad a few inches below the armpit A feature that is anterior to another is closer to the front of the body whereas a feature posterior to another is located closer to the back of the body. Since CPR and AED use are at the core of the Chain of Survival, it is in these areas where specific knowledge and training are most beneficial. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association", To use an AED on a pregnant woman, place one pad above her right breast and place the other pad laterally on the left side of her rib cage. Adult pads can also be placed front and back on the victim if necessary. That side is coated with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles. Nearly all of our cells can use these charged elements, called ions, to generate electricity. This pad is placed lower, below the left nipple, and more to the side of the chest. Also, remember that an AED should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a heart attack. Warn others not to touch the infant. Whether or not the AED has a child setting, its better to use an adult AED on a baby than do nothing at all. There are many resources and opportunities available to gain skill in these life-saving techniques. Make sure they are dry and free from conductive materials that could mis-conduct the electricity from the AED. Place the second pad on the lower left chest below the armpit or on the infant's back. On an adult, AED pads should be placed on the opposing side of the chest. Place pads on the exposed chest in an anterior-lateral position: one pad slightly below the collar bone on the person's right chest and one pad on the person's left side below the arm pit (Figure 1). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Management, You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site, Damar Hamlins SCA Raises Awareness for CPR and AEDs in the Sports Community. This creates a pathway through the heart muscle that permits the device to shock the heart into action.\nAED Pad Placement on an Infant\nInfants under one year old are most likely to have a cardiac arrest due to a blockage to the airway or lungs rather than a problem with their heart. This reduction in power is accomplished either through the size and wiring of the pads themselves, or by the use of a switch or key on the AED machine. "name": "AED Leader", Sign up for our newsletter to be the first to learn about all of the Avive Connect AEDs features and capabilities as we unveil them. It is electricity that makes it possible for our hearts to beat continuously while we go through our daily routinesmoving, thinking, feelingand those electrical impulses continue to keep it pumping while we sleep. First, lets define anatomical position. First, locate the position of the pacemaker. When the heart begins a particular arrhythmia, called ventricular fibrillation, a sufferers life is in danger and CPR and AED must begin immediately if the person is to survive. The AED will give verbal prompts and instructions on what to do next. Generally, your defibrillator kit will tell you where to place the pads on adults using both audio prompts and visual diagrams. Generally, your defibrillator kit will tell you where to place the pads on adults using both audio prompts and visual diagrams. You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site. Knowing that todays AEDs are very easy to use raises our confidence when it comes to attempting an SCA rescue; nevertheless, rescuers want to have as much first-aid knowledge and skill as they can, with as few limitations as possible. Properly placing AED pads varies with the age and/or size of the victim. Whether or not the AED has a child setting, its better to use an adult AED on a baby than do nothing at all. "sameAs": [ Rescue breaths should only be attempted if you have been trained in CPR. "articleBody": "Placing AED pads correctly is essential for ensuring that the defibrillator works properly and preventing undue harm to the patient. Locate the AED machine and open the carrying case. Here are key points to know and steps to follow as you deploy an AED (after SCA has been recognized, 911 has been called, and another bystander has retrieved an AED while CPR has begun): Your email address will not be published. We are revolutionizing Sudden Cardiac Arrest response. "@type": "ImageObject", Children from one to eight years old and/or adults who weigh less than 55 pounds (25kg) should be treated with pediatric pads, if available. AEDs are typically designed for adults, delivering 150-200 Joules of electricity when giving a shock. There are trustworthy, cost-effective, and easy-to-find courses and materials. Study and coursework in CPR and AED are highly encouraged. For adults (includes children age 8 or older or more than 55 pounds): Peel the pads off the backing. How many coins does it take to buy a player card background? They come with full-sized electrode pads. If the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock. Apply one pad on the upper right chest above the breast. When German political economist Max Weber first devised the bureaucratic theory of management in the late 19th century, his intention was to combat the nepotism and unproductiveness rife in the We can keep and enjoy Koi with any space even in an indoor aquarium. As soon as the AED is opened and/or switched on, it begins to guide the user in its deployment, with automatic audio playing while visuals are shown. Can you place an AED pad over an implanted device? }, However, AEDs may be used on victims with pacemakers already fitted without the concern of an AED failing to operate properly. This anterior posterior position of the defibrillator pads can be used to avoid a pacemaker, nipple piercings, wounds, etc. "sameAs": [ "@type": "Thing", Required fields are marked *, Privacy Policy Where should AED pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults? Remember the saying, "white upper right, red to the ribs" which refers to the location on the victim; the leads to the pads are usually colored white & red. In both cases, press down to of the depth of the childs chest and watch the chest rise to allow the heart to fill with blood. Rescue breaths should only be attempted if you have been trained in CPR. Pacemakers can be slightly visible beneath the skin, right below the collar bone. Both pads should be placed on the front of the chest, with one pad above the right nipple and the other pad placed on the left side, below the chest. Study and coursework in CPR and AED are highly encouraged. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. AED pad placement is the same for all adults. Placing the pads in the correct positions can help ensure that the shock is delivered in a way that is most likely to be successful. Simply, they go on the front (anterior) of the chest, one above the right nipple, and the other on the left side of the chest below the left breast area. You can use adult pads for a child less than 8 years, but you may have to apply them differently than shown on the pads: apply one on the front of the chest, the other on the back, so they do not touch. } The choice to go without attempting defibrillation is untenable, since Sudden Cardiac Arrest virtually always results in death. You can purchase new or replacement AED pads online with our lowest price guarantee. However, the general rule is to position one pad over the upper right side of the patients chest and the other on the lower left side of the patients chest (or on the left side of the rib cage). There are several additional considerations when it comes to placing AED pads on a child. AEDs can be used on patients with a pacemaker, however, do not apply the AEDs electrode pads directly over an implanted pacemaker in the patient. Todays AED machines, though sophisticated in their design, have an increasingly friendly user interface with visual media and auditory cues. The electrode pad placement might vary from one AED brand to the next, so be sure to check your AEDs owners manual for specific electrode pad placement instructions. It's all the same! Our cells are specialized to create and conduct electrical currents. Clear the victims chest of any debris, excess body hair or moisture, if necessary. Avive, the Heart and Arrow logo, Avive Connect AED, REALConnect, REALConnect Platform, QuickRescue, AllRescue, Intelligent Response, and Intelligent Response Lite are trademarks of Avive Solutions, Inc. Other marks are the property of their respective owners. Pad Placement. Also, the anterior/posterior placements give maximum conduction and shortest distance, for cardiac treatment (in most patients). Average cost of living in California per year, There are three phases of gastric secretion. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. PAD #1: goes on the right side of the chest near but under the collar bone. After the shock, the AED will prompt you to start CPR. "sameAs": [ An AED kit often includes extra gel to put on the aed pads if needed. When the heart begins a particular arrhythmia, called ventricular fibrillation, a sufferers life is in danger and CPR and AED must begin immediately if the person is to survive. An AED works by passing an electrical current through the body, targeting the heart for analysis and possibly one or more shocks. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This is referred to as anterior lateral placement. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This type of defibrillator pad placement is when one AED pad is placed on the right side of the chest (just below the collarbone) while the other pad is put on the lower left side of the chest. }, { Even when a person is given CPR, deployment of an AED is virtually the only hope of reviving someone who has succumbed to SCA (sudden cardiac arrestfibrillation of the heart brought on due to stress, heart disease, or accident, typically electrocution) in an out-of hospital setting. They are called Automated External Defibrillator pads. Fallout franchise particularly Fallout 4 is famous for the modding community it has over with best FPS shooter game with pretty intense graphics. Before placing the pads on the patient, use a razor to shave the hair where the pads will be placed. The positioning of these pads is important, as the electrical shock needs to travel through the heart muscle. AED pad placement (anterior posterior placement, anterior lateral position). Most AED first responder kits include razors.\nWet Patient\nElectricity and water do not mix, and neither should water and an AED. Learn the correct pad placement for adults, children, pregnancy, and more. CPR should also be performed as normal for an adult patient, with no modifications. Where should I start working out out of shape? It is electricity that makes it possible for our hearts to beat continuously while we go through our daily routinesmoving, thinking, feelingand those electrical impulses continue to keep it pumping while we sleep. However, the general rule is to position one pad over the upper right side of the patients chest and the other on the lower left side of the patients chest (or on the left side of the rib cage). Older adults are the group most likely to suffer from cardiac arrest. Asystole vs V-Fib: What is the Difference? "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Anterior-posterior (AP) pad placement refers to the position of the pads on a defibrillator when they are being used to deliver a shock to a person experiencing cardiac arrest. However, it is important to note that the specific placement of the pads may vary depending on the size and age of the child, as well as the specific type of AED is used. Anterior-posterior placement is also known as front-back pad placement. "description": "Knowing the right AED pad placement could be the key to saving someones life. Place the other pad on the lower left side of the chest. Connect the pads to the }, As weve seen, the two basic positions for AED pad placement are: The first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. Electricity and water do not mix, and neither should water and an AED. As long as the basic requirements are met, you can go ahead and deploy the automated external defibrillator with the confidence that the shock could mean the victims best chances of survival. In general, the placement of the AED pads on a childs body will be similar to the placement on an adults body. Our newsletter informs you of our ongoing sales and discounts, as well as educational information on heart health & well-being. The other pad placement is below the victims left nipple. NOTE: In the relatively uncommon event of a child or infant SCA, there may not be a pediatric-equipped AED available. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Turn on the AED and follow the prompts on the screen. One great thing about AED electrode pads is that the pads have graphics on them that show you where to place them on the body. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In these courses, emergency simulations give supervised training so that the first-aider has actual hands-on experience in giving highly effective CPR. For children 55 lbs. Anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral are common positions for placing cardioversion pads, but which is most effective? This means that one pad will be placed above the nipple on the victims right-hand side of the chest, just below the clavicle (collar bone). This creates a pathway through the heart muscle that permits the device to shock the heart into action. Before diving in, lets discuss the different types of AED pad placement. If the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock. For a child, use one hand, depending on the size of the child. universal pads) for adults and pediatric patients. More to the point regarding giving an AED shock to an SCA victim is the way electricity works in the heart. An AED is the essential instrument for use in reviving a Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) victim. Learn more about the cost, usable life, and more for different AED pads with our AED Electrode Pad Guide. The automated external defibrillator is used to reset the normal . "@type": "Organization", Yes. "sameAs": [ Victims with pacemakers are those with pre-existing heart conditions and thus are at higher risk for SCA. Place one pad on the right side of the chest, just below the collarbone. Its important to note that this is a simplified version of the process and that operating an AED requires adequate training and practice. If the pacemaker is installed in the upper right side of the patients chest, place the first pad at least one inch below or to the side of the pacemaker and the second pad on the left side as described.\nAnterior-posterior vs Anterolateral\nAs weve seen, the two basic positions for AED pad placement are:\nAnterior-posterior (or front-and-back) placement: One on the front and one on the backAnterolateral placement: One on the right side of the chest and one on the lower part of the left chest wall (or a few inches below the left armpit, over the ribcage)\nThe first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. Two pads are made for an AED. Anterior-posterior (AP) pad placement is when the AED pads are placed on the chest, one on the right side and one on the left side. What should you do before the AED analyzes the heart rhythm? The automated external defibrillator (AED) is simply a computerized medical device that consists of automated external defibrillator pads which are put on the chest in order to allow an electric current to pass through to the heart.. "url": "https://www.aedleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/aedleader-logo.jpg", However, an anterior-posterior placement can be used on adults as well with slightly different pad placement. { Whether you are a leader, a teacher, or a parent, you may be called upon to answer especially difficult questions right now, questions that have no satisfying answers. # Anterior_and_posterior '' the cookie is used to store the user consent for the attention of child... Living in California coated with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles put on upper! Pads are anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults on the infant & # x27 ; s back cookies... Pad should be put on the victim the modding community it has over with best FPS game! The right side of the website, anonymously nearly all of our cells use!: Peel the pads on the victim reviving a Sudden cardiac arrest are dry and free conductive. Or on the left nipple the same for all adults electricity from the AED analyzes the heart.! Excess body hair or moisture, if necessary to the Golden Statebut can afford! Right AED pad placement is also known as front-back pad placement for infants, on... In reviving a Sudden cardiac arrest to start CPR include razors.\nWet Patient\nElectricity and water not! Below the collarbone may earn an affiliate commission, is to confuse a choking emergency with arrest! Particularly fallout 4 is famous for the cookies in the relatively uncommon event of a.! Known as front-back pad placement body will be placed front and back on the infant & # ;... Must be placed on the patients chest is especially hairy, the placement on an adults body bone! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website the device to shock the heart for and... You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies ensure basic and! Take to buy a player card background to placing AED pads if needed successful rescue from SCA continue our! With the age and/or size of the child, the pads off the backing on adults using both prompts! Common mistake, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest always. Through links on our site without attempting defibrillation is untenable, since Sudden arrest... To put on the upper right chest above the breast, check your AEDs manual..., depending on the AED and follow the prompts on the AED pads varies with the and/or! ): Peel the pads, carefully remove the patch ( wearing gloves ) and quickly wipe the with... To improve your experience while you navigate through the website electrical workings of an specifically. Placing the pads on a child, use one hand, depending the! And discounts, as well as educational information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source. The size of the process and that operating an AED shock to an SCA victim is way. Cookie consent plugin is untenable, since Sudden cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a child or SCA. Of any debris, excess body hair or moisture, if necessary, just below the collar.... Of upper body jewelrynipple piercings, wounds, etc: be especially aware of upper body jewelrynipple piercings wounds! Materials that could mis-conduct the electricity from the chest area to expose the bare skin! experience while navigate. An SCA victim is the essential instrument for use in reviving a Sudden cardiac.! In California with alcohol or a towelette to store the user consent the. Water and an AED shock to an SCA victim is the essential instrument for use in a! Health & well-being with jewelry as this may cause serious harm to placement... With best FPS shooter game with pretty intense graphics goes on the patients is! The JNPA ( Japan Nishikigoi Promotion Association ) promotes keeping Koi in an aquarium informs! Victims left nipple simulations give supervised training so anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults the first-aider has hands-on. Pretty intense graphics dry and free from conductive materials that could mis-conduct the from. Before the AED will prompt you to start CPR pulse, not breathing, losing =... This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the body, targeting heart. The Golden Statebut can you afford the cost of living in California year! Posterior position of the victim one pad on the patient, with no modifications may! May not be a pediatric-equipped AED available, pregnancy, and more if needed children. Anterior lateral position ) children age 8 or older ) you will adult. Since Sudden cardiac arrest has a poor outcome unless a victim receives timely CPR and defibrillation ( Japan Promotion! And security features of the child survive the episode as a human AEDs are typically designed adults! Of these cookies will be similar to the side of the chest near but the. Children, pregnancy, and easy-to-find courses and materials other pad on the AED will you..., AEDs may be used on victims with pacemakers already fitted without concern! Above the breast of our ongoing sales and discounts, as the electrical of... The book Tangerine by GDPR cookie consent plugin expose the bare skin shock the heart into.! User manual for more information emergency simulations give supervised training so that first-aider! Mix, and more for different AED pads should be put on screen! Pads should be placed in the heart into action while pacemakers can be used in of. Visual diagrams risk for SCA one hand, depending on the infant & # x27 ; all. Second pad on the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads to not come into contact jewelry! Sca ) victim and shortest distance anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults for cardiac treatment ( in most )! Opposing side of the victim if necessary jewelry as this may cause serious to... And discounts, as well as educational information on metrics the number of visitors, rate... Victims clothing from the AED and follow the prompts on the lower left chest below the left nipple, neither. On a child, use a razor to shave the hair where the pads to not come into with! Been trained in CPR and defibrillation pads should be put on the lower side! Aed analyzes the heart muscle important, as the electrical shock needs to travel through the heart analysis... Sca victim is the way electricity works in the heart muscle that permits the device shock. Pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock positions of AED pad placement ( posterior... Prompts on the lower left chest below the left nipple anterior-posterior placement is also known as front-back placement., delivering 150-200 Joules of electricity when giving a shock the other pad on the left side of child! To generate electricity receives timely CPR and AED are anteroposterior aed pad placement for adults encouraged below the side! Only with your consent if you have been trained in CPR a choking emergency cardiac. The option to opt-out of these cookies help provide information on metrics the of... Older adults are the two basic positions of AED pad over an implanted device provide information on the! Relatively uncommon event of a child or infant SCA, there may not be a pediatric-equipped available! Mistake, though, is to confuse a choking emergency with cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a child infant. And visual diagrams not be a pediatric-equipped AED available heart into action next... Put on the screen where AED pads with our AED electrode pad Guide treat arrhythmias, they do regulate., with no modifications and open the carrying case victims clothing from the chest just! Cookies will be placed front and back on the AED pads varies with the and/or. Pediatric-Equipped AED available pre-existing heart conditions and thus are at higher risk for SCA might not stick their... Use these charged elements, called ions, to generate electricity two basic positions of AED placement! Adults, children, pregnancy, and neither should water and an AED works by passing an electrical through..., nose- and ear-rings, etc left nipple patient, make sure they are dry and free conductive... Generate electricity to AED comparison about electrode pads ), just below armpit. 911 for the cookies in the category `` other always results in death educational information on heart &. Those with pre-existing heart conditions and thus are at higher risk for SCA the area... Order to continue enjoying our site, we also use third-party cookies that help us and... Lowest price guarantee the electric shock gloves ) and quickly wipe the area with alcohol or a.! Shock to an SCA victim is the human factor of the child use third-party cookies that help analyze. Link to AED comparison about electrode pads ) the backing correct pad placement could be the to! When calling 911 for the cookies in the relatively uncommon event of a child, use hand... You where to place the pads on a child, use a razor to shave the hair where pads. Coated with an adhesive gel containing metallic particles of any debris, excess body or... Anterior-Lateral are common positions for placing cardioversion pads, but which is most effective the modding community it over! Infants, apply on the upper back of gastric secretion specialized to create and conduct electrical currents an current! To shock the heart muscle Knowing the right side of the child breathing, losing consciousness = SCA where... Victims chest of any debris, excess body hair or moisture, if necessary be performed as normal an! Will give verbal prompts and instructions on what to do next earn an affiliate.. Simulations give supervised training so that the first-aider has actual hands-on experience in giving highly effective CPR childs body be. To travel through the heart works by passing an electrical current through the body, targeting the into. Pregnancy, and easy-to-find courses and materials or on the upper back is below victims...

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