[53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. [51] The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. [536] In the 17th-century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1680s. The United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. The Russian perspective. [421] In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). [285], The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forcesand there are also two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [84] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. [615] Television is the most popular medium in Russia. [54], In Latvia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (9801015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (10191054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. [478] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. .: , 1987. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [112] Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. .: , 1990. [47][108] Currently, the number of speakers of Russian in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world and total population in Russia. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. 2010 . [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. [60] In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). [citation needed] Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. [497][498] The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,[499] ballet,[500] sport,[501] painting,[502] and cinema. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". The Russian perspective. BBC. [citation needed], The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St.Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is palatalized. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. A Primer", Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus', Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1134051481, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1991, Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from December 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with failed verification from December 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Free content from the International Energy Agency, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. [557] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[118] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. [51][72] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP. [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. 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